Chapter 15 characteristics, applications, and processing of. The american society for testing materials astm has two methods for determining density of polymers that are currently active. Lowdensity polyethylene, highdensity polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, nylon, nylon 6, nylon 6,6, teflon, thermoplastic. Most polymers with the exception of certain polyglycols and derivatives, and siloxanes and silicones are represented on the inventory in terms of the starting materials from which they are manufactured. Formed by repeated addition of monomers having multiple bonds. Pdf polymers and nonpolymers a new systematisation of. Chapter 15 characteristics, applications, and processing of polymers p hotograph of several billiard balls that are made of phenolformaldehyde bakelite. Chain arrangement linear polymer shape of the chain 14. Melting point and glass transition temperature of polymer. The main focus lays on the concepts, rather than on experimental techniques and theoretical methods.
Linear polymers including those that are branched but not crosslinked 3. Natural polymer proteins ppt with starter, plenary and. Technical note determining the density of polymers used in geonets this technical note addresses two testing methods for one property. Typical synthetic polymers polyethers, polydienes, polyamides, and polyester. Murat sen hacettepe university department of chemistry, polymer chemistry division, 06532, beytepe, ankara, turkiye. The chemical bonds in polymers are also different than those found in metals and ceramics. Introduction to polymers, third edition by robert j.
Introduction to polymers by the open university download. The term polymer is defined as very large molecules having high molecular mass 103107u. Examples of synthetic polymers include nylon, polyethylene, polyester, teflon, and epoxy. Thoroughly updated, introduction to polymers, third edition presents the science underpinning the synthesis, characterization and properties of polymers. Introduction to polymers young lovell solutions manual structure and morphology of bulk polymer. Polymer physics is a key part of macromolecular science. Principle characteristics of polymers hacettepe universitesi. Dear teachers, attached ppt is based on guided teaching, it will cover organic compounds natural polymers igcse syllabus and ib middle year myp cr. Measuring the viscosity of polymer solutions and determination of the viscosity average molecular weight laboratory.
Mechanicalpropertiesof polymers kamyardavoudi october,20 materialsscienceseminar. The changes of title of the p bodies concerned reflect both the growth in the activities of the former macromolecular division and the reorganisation of the iupac to a projectbased rather than a commissionbased organisation. Polymers are long molecules made from connecting many smaller units called monomers. In fact, more than 80% of the polymers on the tsca inventory are listed in terms of starting materials. Natural polymers these polymers are found in nature generally from plants and animals sources. Polymers usually contain many more than five monomers, and some may contain hundreds or thousands of monomers in each chain. A variety of synthetic polymers as plastic polythene, synthetic fibres nylon 6,6 and synthetic rubbers buna s are examples of manmade polymers extensively used in daily life as well as in industry. Synthetic polymers are humanmade polymers derived from petroleum oil. The macromolecule can have different end units, branches in the chain, variations in the sequence. Polymers make up many of the materials in living organisms, including, for example, proteins, cellulose, and nucleic acids. Aliphatic fatty acids saturated and or unsaturated acids are present in vegetable oils. One of the most important developments in the theory of polymers since the early 1980s has been the reptation model, which relates molecular motion through an entangled melt to the rheological and viscoelastic behavior of polymeric rubbers and melts.
Studies have shown that these polymers are degradable and could stimulate biodegradability of nonbiodegradable materials when mixed with them. Glass transition temperatures of some polymers polymer t g. Natural vs synthetic polymers gelfand center carnegie. The measured value of t g will depend on the molecular weight of the polymer, thermal history, age. Introduction to polymers young lovell solutions manual.
The unit substance or substances from which the polymer is obtained is called a monomer. Types of polymers polymers can be separated into plastics and rubbers as engineering materials, it is appropriate to divide them into the following three categories. Polymers and nonpolymers a new systematisation of substances and materials article pdf available january 2014 with 2,050 reads how we measure reads. Hence, polymer chains are usually treated statistically. Tg values of some polymers a given polymer sample does not have a unique value of t g because the glass phase is not at equilibrium. In condensation polymerization, a small portion of the monomer molecule is not incorporated in the final polymer. Texture of polymers the physical structure of polymeric bodies that is caused by various types of order of macromolecules. Polymers synthetic 1 thermoplastics plastics linear, some cross linking can be melted and reformed on heating a amorphous no ordered structure b semi crystalline compo sed of microscopic crystallites domains of crystalline structure. Texture of polymers article about texture of polymers by. Monomers repeat units the identity of the monomer residues repeat units comprising a polymer is its. Synthetic polymers are derived from petroleum oil, and made by scientists and engineers. A wide variety of unsaturated monomers may be used, to yield polymers with.
A polymer that can be melted and molded repeatedly, retaining its shape when cooled, is called an thermoplastic. Elastomers where 1 and 2 are plastics and 3 are rubbers. Mechanicalpropertiesof polymers harvard university. Polymers a polymer is a large molecule, or macromolecule, composed of many repeated subunits. At the beginning of 2002, the division of chemical. Polymers polymers are the giant molecules of chemistry. As their name implies, natural polymers or biopolymers are polymers that occur naturally or are produced by living organisms such as cellulose, silk, chitin, protein, dna. Introduction to materials science, chapter 15, polymer structures university tennessee, dept. Some of the polymers that have achieved commercial importance and their uses are tabulated in table 1 and some of their important physical properties are listed in appendix 2. A thermoplastic is an organic compound containing a halogen atom bonded to a benzene ring or other aromatic group. Semisynthetic polymers these polymers are obtained from natural polymers by simple chemical treatment to change the physical properties of natural polymers like starch, silicones. Apart from increased sophistication in methods of measuring molecular weight, such as the cryoscopic and vapour pressure methods, almost the whole range of the spectrum has been called into service to elucidate polymer structure. Monomers repeat units the identity of the monomer residues repeat units comprising a polymer is its first and most important attribute. Sep 10, 2016 polymers a polymer is a large molecule, or macromolecule, composed of many repeated subunits.
Polymerchemie kompakt wissenschaftliche verlagsgesellschaft. What are polymers and classification of polymers notes pdf ppt 19092014 18022017 shiva 1 comment addition polymers, chain growth polymerisation, condensation polymers, crosslinked polymers, elastomers, linear chain polymers, step growth polymerisation. European polymer journal also publishes research on the biomedical application of polymers, including drug delivery and regenerative medicine. The biodegradation process can take place aerobically and anaerobically. Polymers or macromolecules are very large molecules made up of smaller units called monomers or repeating units, covalently bonded together. Review the full course description and key learning outcomes and create an account and enrol if you want a free statement of participation. The principal properties of polymers were described by flory 35. Biopolymers are polymers produced by living organisms. Technical note determining the density of polymers used. Jun 23, 2017 natural polymers include the polysaccharides also. The materials of importance piece that follows section 15. A polymer is a high molecular mass compound ranging from 5000 to one million and they are formed by the combination of a large number of one or more low molecular weight compounds. Jun 27, 2011 thoroughly updated, introduction to polymers, third edition presents the science underpinning the synthesis, characterization and properties of polymers. Biopolymers versus synthetic polymers this paper present an overview of important synthetic and natural polymers with emphasis on polymer structure, the chemistry of polymer formation.
Theory of polymer an overview sciencedirect topics. This textbook presents the elements of this important branch of materials science in the style of a series of lecture. Inorganic polymer chemistry pdf 30p this note covers the following topics. What are polymers and classification of polymers notes. Natural polymers occur in nature and can be extracted. Examples include dna, rna, poly ethylene, poly styrene, poly carbonate, poly propene. Polymers are widely used advanced materials, which are found almost in every material used in our daily life. The number of synthetic resins which can be made is vast. Silk is a polymer of the amino acids glycine and alanine wool is having disulphide sulphursulphur bonds to link the polymer chains together. The book covers occurrence, synthesis, isolation and production, properties and applications, modification, and the relevant analysis.
There are three different types based on the structure of the polymers. Introduction to polymer chemistry provides undergraduate students with a muchneeded, wellrounded presentation of the principles and applications of natural, synthetic, inorganic, and organic polymers. At the doubly bonded carbons the vinyl groups and is called vinyl polymerization. To break down large hydrocarbon polymers into smaller ones that will make better fuel. Introduction to polymers introduction to polymer classification the family of plastics materials is closely related to two other important families of manufacturing materials, textile fibres and elastomers rubber, in that they are all based on carbon organic materials and they consist of extremely large molecules polymers. In addition, we welcome submissions on biobased or renewable polymers, stimuliresponsive systems and polymer biohybrids. Polymer, any of a class of natural or synthetic substances composed of very large molecules, called macromolecules, that are multiples of simpler chemical units called monomers. Among many other biopolymers, some interesting examples are shown in this panel. Polymerization is the process of combining many small molecules known as monomers into a covalently bonded chain or network. Chapter 15 characteristics, applications, and processing.
Prepolymere sind im technischen sprachgebrauch ebenfalls niedermolekulare polymere mit mehreren reaktiven vernetzbaren endgruppen. The sulphur is present due to the amino acid cysteine. With an emphasis on the environment and green chemistry and materials, this fourth edition contin. The structure on the right shows the polymer pvc and its repeating unit monomer. These polymers have a similar structure to the polyamides, which have the urethane carbamate group as part of the polymer backbone. Polymer materials, molecular engineering, manufacture of monomers, polymerization, physical properties of polymers and design in polymers. By way of example, consider a polymer such as polyethene which, in a normal commercial sample, will be made up of molecules having to 2000 ch, groups in continuous chains. In polymers in the amorphous state, the macromolecules exhibit shortrange order, which because of their large dimensions and lower mobility becomes detectable in considerably larger volumes and persists longer than in amorphous low. The book covers occurrence, synthesis, isolation and production, properties and applications, modification, and the relevant analysis methods to reveal the. Polymers that are not highly crosslinked have properties that depend greatly on the forces that act between the chains. Cellulose, starch, chitin, proteins, peptides, dna and rna are all examples of biopolymers. Here, the structures of some glucose polymers are shown.
Examples of such polymers are polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene, polystyrene, polysulfone, etc 1. The polymer which has been synthesized in the laboratory is known as synthetic polymer. The process by which the polymers are formed is called polymerisation. This guide explains about the eight most common types of synthetic organic polymers, which are commonly found in households are. Macromolecules or polymers are found in the human body, animals, plants, minerals and manufactured products. Some polymers, such as low density polyethylene ldpe, have branches of different sizes irregularly spaced along the chain. Hightemperature plasticity due to the ability of the molecules to slide past one another thermally activated or arrhenius process 4.
The material has been completely reorganized and expanded to include important new topics and provide a coherent platform for teaching and learning the fundamental aspects of contemporary. Synthetic polymers are a mainstay of modern life, but nature also makes polymers. The process of formation of polymers from respective monomers. The framework of the theory of polymers was established in the 1950s as symbolized by the famous textbook principles of polymer chemistry, and the theory of polymer solutions was established in the 1970s 36, 37. In this panel are shown the polymeric structures of proteins and nucleic acids. The material has been completely reorganized and expanded to include important new topics and provide a coherent platform for teaching and learning the fundamental aspects of contemporary polymer science. Introduction to polymers by the open university download book. Sustainable polymers derived from naturally occurring. Natural polymers include cellulose, chiton, carbohydrates like starch and sugar, proteins, dna, rna and natural rubber. Polymer reviously macromolecular division of the iupac.
Linear polymers these polymers consist of long and straight chains. Natural polymer proteins ppt with starter, plenary and main. The ductility of thermoplastic polymers is reduced upon cooling 5. By a wider definition, natural polymers can be manmade out of raw materials that are.
Some of the polymers that have achieved commercial importance and their uses are tabulated in table 1 and some of their. To date, the importance of polymers has been much more highlighted because of their. The small buildingblock molecules are called monomers. Introduction to materials science, chapter 15, polymers. When it comes to polymers, green and natural are not the same.